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1989-03-23
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Instructions for VMUSIC. Page 1 (revision dated February, 1989)
--------------------------------
The VMUSIC.COM program, written for the IBM PC and compatibles by
Ted Holden phone (703) 760-9713
1947 Storm Dr.
Falls Church, Va. 22043
provides most of the features of the PLAY command in BASIC, as
well as the additional feature of playing two or three
concurrent voices. BASIC cannot play more than one voice at a
time. The current release of VMUSIC cannot play just a single
voice, but plays two or three voices. It produces a more
complex and bell-like sound than BASIC plays.
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| INVOKING THE PROGRAM |
| |
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Starting at the DOS prompt, enter:
VM1088 <song file name> <tempo value> <pitch factor>
where the parameters are discussed in the file README10.88 .
If you expect to use the program repeatedly on one computer, you
will save time (after determining the tempo and pitch
parameters) by creating a single-line batch file, for example,
VMU.BAT
to pass those parameters automatically. An example of the
contents is:
VM1088 %1 15 1
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| PREPARING THE DATA FILE |
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The data file must be ready when you invoke the program. The
following comments and instructions pertain to preparing such a
data file.
Instructions for VMUSIC. Page 2 (revision dated February, 1989)
--------------------------------
Each voice begins with a voice designator, followed by a string
of pitch and duration values. Such a data string can end within
one line, or "wrap around" to multiple lines, depending on the
length of the piece. If there are to be multiple voices, begin
each new string with the new voice designator, and the data for
that voice.
The voices are to be named V1, V2, and V3, but the ordering is
discretionary: any voice can occupy the first position in the
file, and (either of) the remaining voice(s) can occupy the next
position. The following notes are in two voices for the first
part of GREENSLEEVES; even though they are presented here in
capital letters, lower-case letters would be acceptable also.
The letter Os stand for octave, and the Ls define the standard
time value.
V2 O3 L8 <D D4 E F. G16 F >C4 C C4 C D4 <A B-4 B- A4. (this can
extend to more than one line)
V1 O4 L8 D F4 G A. B16 A G4 E C. D16 E F4 D D C+ D E4 (this
can extend to more than one line)
VMUSIC uses mostly the same instruction set as the PLAY command.
However, there are the following differences:
1. VMUSIC plays two or three voices concurrently, so there
is a command for defining each voice.
A Voice command is required for VMUSIC, but treated as
an "ILLEGAL FUNCTION CALL" in BASIC.
2. The T command in BASIC PLAY, representing tempo, is not
acceptable for VMUSIC, but a similar function is served
by setting the rate for the piece, just after invoking
the program. The T parameter in BASIC can be varied
during a piece, while the VMUSIC rate stays unchanged.
(The L parameter can be redefined in either BASIC or
VMUSIC. This is covered below.)
3. The MB and MF commands in BASIC (for Music Background
and Music Foreground) have no relevance in this program,
because all the music is in the foreground, and
currently, no resources (meaning, computer registers) are
available for background tasks.
4. The use of variables, which is acceptable for the PLAY
statement in BASIC, does not work in VMUSIC. For
example, the following sequence is legal in BASIC but not
in VMUSIC:
OCTV% = 3.5 - RND
PLAY (O=OCTV% A B C)
Instructions for VMUSIC. Page 3 (revision dated February, 1989)
--------------------------------
5. The BASIC default values for octave and length of note
are not consistently maintained in VMUSIC, so the user
should specify those numbers explicitly, before any notes.
OCTAVES The PC can play a range of seven octaves, numbered from
zero (the lowest) to six. Middle C is in octave three.
For this discussion, an octave starts at C and continues
to the B above it. By default, failing to designate an
octave, selects octave four. To specify a starting
octave or a change in octaves, the syntax is the letter
O, followed by a digit 0 to 6, such as "O4" (without the
quotation marks. In this guide, quotation marks are used
to delimit a string, but the actual datafile for VMUSIC
should NOT contain any quotation marks. In BASIC, it is
proper to use quotation marks in some cases.)
For VMUSIC and for releases of ADVANCED BASIC starting
with 2.0, changes to higher and lower octaves can be
indicated with angle brackets as an alternative to the
absolute notation of an octave. The greater-than symbol
means one octave higher, and the less-than symbol means
one octave lower. So "O4 C > E D < < F " will play a C
in octave 4, followed by an E and a D in octave 5,
followed by an F in octave 3.
TONES The usual letter identifiers apply: a C is a C. To
sharp a note, put a plus-sign or a pound sign ( + or # )
directly after it. To a flat a note, place a a minus
sign ( - ) after it. Do not use a "b" to flat a note,
because that character represents a separate B note. So,
here is an example of a four-note sequence that crosses
the boundary from octave four to octave three: "O4 C+C
O3 BB-" to play C_sharp and C in octave 4, followed by B
and B_flat in octave 3.
PAUSE The letter P denotes a pause or rest, a silence that
lasts as long as any sounded note in the same context.
Use the same duration syntax for P as for any of the
actual notes ( C, C+, D, D#, E, ... B ).
DURATION There are at least three ways to designate duration of a
note. If none of them is specified, the effective length
of a note is a quarter note. In the following
discussion, this is designated the "automatic default."
Method
i. Appended denominator. When a 1- or 2-digit
number immediately follows a note-letter
(including P), that number is to be treated as a
Instructions for VMUSIC. Page 4 (revision dated February, 1989)
--------------------------------
denominator. For example, "A+1" is the tone
A_sharp for a whole note; "A-16" is the tone
A_flat for a sixteenth note, and "A18" is the
tone A played as an eighteenth note.
ii. The current default. This default is one that
the user establishes. If there is one set, it
supersedes the "automatic default". It is the
length of play for any note of unspecified
duration.
The user can replace a previous default with a
different one.
The same "appended denominator" concept from the
method above applies here, too, but instead of
appending a denominator-number to a note, this
method appends a denominator-number to the letter
L. So, "L8" specifies that henceforth in this
piece, or until a redefinition, notes of
unspecified duration will be played as eighth
notes.
iii. Dotted notes. Dotting produces the same effect
as with conventional music notation: it
increases by 50% the duration of the note (or
pause) to which it is appended. Use the period
character ( . ) as the dot.
If two or more dots are in sequence, their
effects are cumulative: each in its turn
increases the aggregate time value to its left
by 50%. So, if no_dots equals 100%, then
one_dot equals 150%, and two_dots equals 225%.
For example, if default or specified duration is
a quarter note, then in the string "C# B. A-.. "
C_sharp is a quarter note, B is a three-eighths
note, and A_flat plays for a duration of
9/16ths.
VOICE This command has no counterpart among BASIC PLAY
parameters. Specify it at the beginning of a voice of
music, for example "V2". For readability, and for
compatibility with possible future enhancements, place
any "V" in the leftmost column of its line.
If you want to temporarily block the playing of one voice
present in the file, move the lines for that voice to a
position in the file past the EOF marker (ASCII 26,
represented as a right-pointing arrow). This method
Instructions for VMUSIC. Page 5 (revision dated February, 1989)
--------------------------------
assumes that your word-processor allows you to do this.
It also assumes that there are three voices, from which
you can disable one. If there are just two voices,
disabling one leaves one voice, which the current version
of the program will not play by itself.
--------------------------------
These instructions for VMUSIC were written (10/87) and revised
(2/89) by
Mark Laster (301) 267-9384
240-B Hilltop Lane
Annapolis, MD 21403
For more detail about the PLAY command in BASIC, consult a
thorough textbook, such as HANDBOOK OF BASIC FOR THE IBM PC, by
David L. Schneider.